THE OCTET OF THE PSYSICALS BEINGS
Vacuum, the Class of Fermions and the Six Bosons Mediating Natural Forces
Luiz Sergio Coelho de Sampaio
April, 1998.
ee-001001.00[1](15/07/1999)



Although some inferences from this roll might not be confirmed in the future, they undoubtedly contain many ideas to promote an immediate revolution in teaching of physics, whose importance should not be disregarded. Such pedagogical turn will necessary to incorporate physics into the general knowledge of common citizens. If we take into account that physics is the most veiled and at same time the mostdesired object of knowledge in Western Culture [17], we can easily estimate the true value of such challenge.



Notes

[1] The word desideratum means that physics holds a specific cultural determination deeply tied to the essence of Modern Age. At the same time, Western Modernity suppresses the Trinitarian Logic of the early Christianity and transforms this same logic into the lost object of its desire. There is here an obvious parallel with what happened in the Greek culture - a differential culture (prometeic and tragic) - , whose philosophy was essentially the search for the lost Being, which Greek culture itself had repressed. See SAMPAIO, L. S. C. de., Reflexões, logicamente otimistas, acerca do advento da cultura nova pós-científica, Rio de Janeiro, FINEP/etc..., 1998 (forthcoming)

[2] This has been the essence of the Einsteinian criticism to the concepts of Newton. In the old theological terminology, such criticism would correspond to an accusation of heretic tritheism.

[3] Actually, there are no exceptions because particles with spin zero are "composed" and necessarily disintegrate in a even number of particles with anti-parallel spins - as it occurs for pi º and Kº.

[4] In fact, General Relativity, according to its usual interpretation, is not based on a space/mass commitment, but alternatively identifies these two quantities as a single one. Accordingly, curvature and local density become the same.

[5] The cliname is not generally a ratio, but a genuine physical quantity such as the rest mass and the spin. Why not ML, but ML-1? Because quantities whose dimension differ only in LT-1 - MT and ML constitute only one case - are equivalent. The constant in question would be the cliname of Planck, ap = c2/2G.

[6] The explanation for that relies on its own ontologic constitution of the world, whose variability is limited. Here operates the same logic according to which the physical laws can be expressed as differential equations of second degree.

[7] It would be possible to reach the same arrangement using the electromagnetic theory by simply replacing the usual system of units for e. m. u., where the charge dimension is the square root of ML. By bearing this in mind, teachers could promote an exceptional improvement in electromagnetism learning.

[8] A lot of physicists are now looking for the mass of the electron-neutrino, especially after the cosmological inflation models which require Universe density to be equal to the critical density. It is empirically impossible to prove a null mass, because all measurements will have their own thresholds. Definitively, it is not an empirical but a logical question.

[9] In the near future, the actual quark model will probably be replaced by a "subquark" model where quarks will appear as complex structures, furthermore, without odd fragmentary charges and "infered decimal" spins.

[10] It is supposed that the intensity of the gravitational force would converge to the value of the remainder forces. However, such convergence would have occurred at the aurora of time, when the temperature of the Universe was very high. Nevertheless, it is today effective at distances lower than 10-20m.

[11] In fact, there would be a reason to reject the particle of Higgs as a true boson, but it was never indicated. The reason is related to the nature of its null spin. Being the particle of Higgs a true fundamental particle, its null spin could not be "generated" by the balance of inward anti-parallel spins. That constitutes a real exception for which an explanation will be provided below.

[12] On the value of esthetics in physics see CHANDRASEKAHR, S. Truth and beauty - Aesthetics and motivation in Science, Chicago, Un. Of Chicago Pr., 1987, 1990.

[13] The particle of Higgs has mass but does not have charge, which is an anomaly. If it were a complex boson, the zero charge could result from the balance between inner opposite charges. This is the case, for example, of Zº and pi º, both decaying, ultimately, in pairs of electrons with opposite charges. Particle of Higgs does not decay because it is a primordial particle. Thus, we have to consider it as a real exception. However, the general symmetry of the elementary-particles frame is preserved because boson anomaly is precisely compensated by the already noted fermionic one: the null mass of the electron-neutrino.

[14] Cf. SAMPAIO, L. S. C. de, O Mundo Concreto. Tempo-espaço e Materialidade. Partículas e Forças, Rio de Janeiro, Inst. Cultura Nova, 1998.

[15] In Newtonian physics the idea of the collision of two material points was incompatible with gravitational law because such collision would lead to a permanent attachment of the two particles. Special Relativity is also incompatible with gravitation, since, according to the former, it would be possible to generate black holes simply by conveniently choosing a referential speed (lower than light velocity, c), which could give rise to irreversible catastrophes. Einstein himself in the article On a stationary system with spherical symmetry consisting of many gravitating masses published in the Annals of Mathematics 40, nº 4, October, 1939, stated that General Relativity would not present such inconsistency because a gravitational collapse would be impossible beyond the radius of Schwarzschild. He literally said that "The essential result of this investigation is a clear understanding as to why the "Schwarzschild singularities" do not exist in physical reality. Although the Theory given here treats only clusters whose particles move along circular paths it does not seem to be subject to reasonable doubt that more general cases will have analogous results. The "Schwarzschild singularities" does not appear for the reason that matter cannot be concentrated arbitrarily. And this is due to the fact that otherwise the constituting particles would reach the velocity of light".
The failure of the "demonstration" clearly shows that General Relativity is logically paraconsistent due to heritage of previous mechanics. On the other hand, according to Freeman Dyson in his The Scientist as a rebel (New York Review of Books, 25:32, 1995), Einstein believed that singularity as a being (not only as a simple limit) was a weakness in his theory to be corrected by a better mathematical elaboration. It is thus sure that the inconsistency of General Relativity was in a sense acknowledged by Einstein himself.

[16] The electron-neutrino reacts to three simple forces. The neutrino of the muon is affected only by gravitational and strong forces because it is a kind of neutral electron, saturated by the force of Higgs. The neutrino of tau reacts only to the strong force because it is a kind of neutral muon, possessing bindings of Higgs and gravitational saturated. It is thus clear that there could not be either another kind of neutrino or a fourth family of leptons or quarks, a concept which has been already empirically ruled out by the experimental determination of the curve of Zºresonance.

[17] For more details see SAMPAIO, L. S. C. de, Reflexões, logicamente otimistas, acerca do advento da cultura nova pós-científica, Rio de Janeiro, FINEP/etc..., (forthcoming).
 


Tables


 

Figures

Figure 1 - The octect of physical beings

Figure 2 - Formal options to primordial particles

Figure 3 - Scheme of construction of th elementaries particles from neutrino of electron and the Particle of Higgs



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