Although some inferences from
this roll might not be confirmed in the future, they undoubtedly contain
many ideas to promote an immediate
revolution in teaching of physics,
whose importance should not be disregarded. Such pedagogical turn will
necessary to incorporate physics into the general knowledge of common citizens.
If we take into account that physics is the most veiled and at same
time the mostdesired object of knowledge in Western Culture
[17], we can easily estimate the true value of such challenge.
Notes
[1] The word desideratum means that physics
holds a specific cultural determination deeply tied to the essence of Modern
Age. At the same time, Western Modernity suppresses the Trinitarian Logic
of the early Christianity and transforms this same logic into the lost
object of its desire. There is here an obvious parallel with what happened
in the Greek culture - a differential culture (prometeic and tragic) -
, whose philosophy was essentially the search for the lost Being, which
Greek culture itself had repressed. See SAMPAIO, L. S. C. de., Reflexões,
logicamente otimistas, acerca do advento da cultura nova pós-científica,
Rio de Janeiro, FINEP/etc..., 1998 (forthcoming)
[2] This has been the essence of the Einsteinian
criticism to the concepts of Newton. In the old theological terminology,
such criticism would correspond to an accusation of heretic tritheism.
[3] Actually, there are no exceptions
because particles with spin zero are "composed" and necessarily disintegrate
in a even number of particles with anti-parallel spins - as it occurs for
pi
º and Kº.
[4] In fact, General Relativity,
according to its usual interpretation, is not based on a space/mass commitment,
but alternatively identifies these two quantities as a single one. Accordingly,
curvature and local density become the same.
[5] The cliname is not generally a ratio,
but a genuine physical quantity such as the rest mass and the spin. Why
not ML, but ML-1?
Because quantities whose dimension differ only in LT-1
- MT and ML constitute only one case - are equivalent. The constant in
question would be the cliname of Planck, ap
= c2/2G.
[6] The explanation for that relies on
its own ontologic constitution of the world, whose variability is limited.
Here operates the same logic according to which the physical laws can be
expressed as differential equations of second degree.
[7] It would be possible to reach the
same arrangement using the electromagnetic theory by simply replacing the
usual system of units for e. m. u., where the charge dimension is the square
root of ML. By bearing this in mind, teachers could promote an exceptional
improvement in electromagnetism learning.
[8] A lot of physicists are now looking
for the mass of the electron-neutrino, especially after the cosmological
inflation models which require Universe density to be equal to the critical
density. It is empirically impossible to prove a null mass, because all
measurements will have their own thresholds. Definitively, it is not an
empirical but a logical question.
[9] In the near future, the actual quark
model will probably be replaced by a "subquark" model where quarks will
appear as complex structures, furthermore, without odd fragmentary charges
and "infered decimal" spins.
[10] It is supposed that the intensity
of the gravitational force would converge to the value of the remainder
forces. However, such convergence would have occurred at the aurora of
time, when the temperature of the Universe was very high. Nevertheless,
it is today effective at distances lower than 10-20m.
[11] In fact, there would be a reason
to reject the particle of Higgs as a true boson, but it was never indicated.
The reason is related to the nature of its null spin. Being the particle
of Higgs a true fundamental particle, its null spin could not be "generated"
by the balance of inward anti-parallel spins. That constitutes a real exception
for which an explanation will be provided below.
[12] On the value of esthetics in physics
see CHANDRASEKAHR, S.
Truth and beauty - Aesthetics and motivation in
Science, Chicago, Un. Of Chicago Pr., 1987, 1990.
[13] The particle of Higgs
has mass but does not have charge, which is an anomaly. If it were a complex
boson, the zero charge could result from the balance between inner opposite
charges. This is the case, for example, of Zº and pi º,
both decaying, ultimately, in pairs of electrons with opposite charges.
Particle of Higgs does not decay because it is a primordial particle. Thus,
we have to consider it as a real exception. However, the general symmetry
of the elementary-particles frame is preserved because boson anomaly is
precisely compensated by the already noted fermionic one: the null mass
of the electron-neutrino.
[14] Cf. SAMPAIO, L. S. C. de, O Mundo
Concreto. Tempo-espaço e Materialidade. Partículas e Forças,
Rio
de Janeiro, Inst. Cultura Nova, 1998.
[15] In Newtonian physics the idea of
the collision of two material points was incompatible with gravitational
law because such collision would lead to a permanent attachment of the
two particles. Special Relativity is also incompatible with gravitation,
since, according to the former, it would be possible to generate black
holes simply by conveniently choosing a referential speed (lower than light
velocity, c), which could give rise to irreversible catastrophes. Einstein
himself in the article
On a stationary system with spherical symmetry
consisting of many gravitating masses published in the Annals of Mathematics
40, nº 4, October, 1939, stated that General Relativity would not
present such inconsistency because a gravitational collapse would be impossible
beyond the radius of Schwarzschild. He literally said that "The essential
result of this investigation is a clear understanding as to why the "Schwarzschild
singularities" do not exist in physical reality. Although the Theory given
here treats only clusters whose particles move along circular paths it
does not seem to be subject to reasonable doubt that more general cases
will have analogous results. The "Schwarzschild singularities" does not
appear for the reason that matter cannot be concentrated arbitrarily. And
this is due to the fact that otherwise the constituting particles would
reach the velocity of light".
The failure of the "demonstration" clearly shows that
General Relativity is logically paraconsistent due to heritage of previous
mechanics. On the other hand, according to Freeman Dyson in his The
Scientist as a rebel (New York Review of Books, 25:32, 1995), Einstein
believed that singularity as a being (not only as a simple limit) was a
weakness in his theory to be corrected by a better mathematical elaboration.
It is thus sure that the inconsistency of General Relativity was in a sense
acknowledged by Einstein himself.
[16] The electron-neutrino reacts to
three simple forces. The neutrino of the muon is affected only by gravitational
and strong forces because it is a kind of neutral electron, saturated by
the force of Higgs. The neutrino of tau reacts only to the strong force
because it is a kind of neutral muon, possessing bindings of Higgs and
gravitational saturated. It is thus clear that there could not be either
another kind of neutrino or a fourth family of leptons or quarks, a concept
which has been already empirically ruled out by the experimental determination
of the curve of Zºresonance.
[17] For more details see SAMPAIO, L.
S. C. de, Reflexões, logicamente otimistas, acerca do advento
da cultura nova pós-científica, Rio de Janeiro, FINEP/etc...,
(forthcoming).
Tables
Figures
Figure 1 - The octect of physical beings
Figure 2 - Formal options to primordial particles
Figure 3 - Scheme of construction of th elementaries
particles from neutrino of electron and the Particle of Higgs

|